History of Modern Philosophy

The main figures in the philosophy of mind, epistemology, and metaphysics during the 17th and 18th centuries are roughly divided into 2 main groups. These "rationalists," mostly from France and Germany, argued that all knowledge must begin with certain "innate ideas" in the mind. The main rationalists were Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, and Nicholas Malebranche. In contrast, these "empiricists," planning that knowledge must begin with sensory experience. The main figures of this line of thought are John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume (in the previous categories for which Kent is largely responsible.) All these philosophers worked in ethics, yet ethics and political philosophy in general, put under this category. Don't have their own distinctive style. Other important figures in political philosophy include Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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In the late eighteenth century, Emanuel Kent set forward a groundbreaking philosophical system that claimed to bring unity of rationalism and experience. Whether he was right, he was not entirely successful in ending the philosophical controversy. Kent sparked a storm of philosophical work in Germany in the early nineteenth century, beginning with German idealism. The characteristic theme of idealism was that the mind must be understood according to the world and the same classes; He said, among many other things, that George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, at the culmination of his work, "the real is reasonable; the rational is real."

Hegel's work was carried in many directions by his followers and critics. Karl Marx laid the groundwork for the development of a science of society, taking hostage both Hegel's history philosophy and the empirical ethics prevalent in Britain, transforming Hegel's ideas into a strictly materialistic form. Soren Kierkegaard, by contrast, rejected all systematic philosophy as an inadequate guide to life and meaning. For Kierkegaard, life can be solved, a mystery cannot be lived. Arthur Schopenhauer took idealism to the conclusion that there was nothing but the futile endless interaction of images and desires in the world and advocated atheism and pessimism. Schopenhauer's ideas were taken up and replaced by Nietzsche's seizure of all systematic philosophies and all rejections seizing on their various outings of the world, striving for a stable truth of public and personal transcending "God is dead". Nietzsche found this not the ground for pessimism, but the possibility of a new kind of freedom.

19th-century British philosophy was increasingly dominated by Neo-Hegelian thought strands, and in response to this, figures such as Bertrand Russell and George Edward Moore traditionally began to move in the direction of analytical philosophy which was essentially an updated experience. The German mathematician Gottlob Frege to include new developments in logic.